Evropska fotovoltaična proizvodna industrija je trenutno na poti pomlajevanja. John Lindahl, generalni sekretar-European Solar Manufacturing Council, je analiziral izzive in priložnosti, s katerimi se soočajo evropski proizvajalci fotovoltaike, in raziskal, kako oblikovati niz ciljev za celotno verigo fotovoltaične industrije 100 GW do leta 2030. .
In 2021, Meyer Burger's 400MW solar module line was officially launched. By 2022, its battery line will expand to 1.4GW, and its module line will expand to 1GW. The final annual production target is 5GW.
While Europe remains one of the world's largest PV installation markets, its once-booming PV manufacturing industry was stalled about a decade ago by rapidly rising Asian rivals.
In 2021, the EU reached an agreement on climate targets to cut net carbon emissions by 55 percent by 2030. At the same time, with the continuous improvement of the level of solar energy utilization and the increasingly prominent issue of sustainable development, in the past few years, the call for reviving the EU's photovoltaic manufacturing capacity has become more and more loud. Perhaps, 2022 will give the answer.
In April last year, the European Solar Manufacturing Council (ESMC) said that at least 75 percent of Europe's PV demand should be produced in Europe. However, according to data released by the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems (ISE) in its 2021 Photovoltaic Report, although European polysilicon production capacity is 22.1GW in 2020, solar wafer production capacity is only 1.25GW, and solar cell production capacity is only 1.25GW. It is 650MW, and the solar module capacity is 6.75GW. Therefore, there is still a long way to go to realize the revival of the EU photovoltaic manufacturing industry.
Spodaj je analiza Johana Lindahla, generalnega sekretarja Evropskega sveta za proizvodnjo sončne energije ESMC, o trenutnem stanju razvoja fotonapetostnih elektrarn v Evropi, izzivih in priložnostih, s katerimi se soočajo proizvajalci fotonapetostnih elektrarn, ter opredeljenih načrtih za doseganje zmogljivosti GW{0}}razmera.
1. Izziv:
1) China's intangible and extensive grants, loans, credits and tax support;
2) Očitna in obsežna podpora iz ZDA in Indije;
3) uporaba fotovoltaične inovativne tehnologije EU na lokalnem trgu je omejena, pravice intelektualne lastnine in patenti pa niso ustrezno zaščiteni na zunanjem trgu EU;
4) evropski standardi za proizvodnjo in delo za fotovoltaiko so strogi, vendar na zunanjem trgu EU ni ustreznega standarda;
5) Morebitno višje cene fotonapetostnih modulov in težave z dobavno verigo so strukturno vprašanje.
2. Priložnosti:
1) European PV industry production becomes cost-competitive. The price difference between European and Asian products has narrowed due to the current significant increase in production and shipping costs and delivery times for Asian products. For European PV manufacturing to be price-competitive, two conditions must exist, namely GW-scale manufacturing capacity; and a complete European manufacturing value chain. The EU needs to keep the value chain intact to meet at least part of our needs that don't need to be imported, despite the fact that imports are of course still an important factor.
2) Evropa je še vedno vodilna pri inovacijah fotonapetostne tehnologije, vendar le, če še vedno obstaja industrijska proizvodna baza. Tradicionalna tehnologija zadnje površine aluminija iz aluminija (Al BSF) ima učinkovitost pretvorbe 18-22 odstotkov in jo trenutno nadomešča PERC tehnologija in njena napredna tehnologija, ki omogoča, da učinkovitost sončnih celic doseže 20{{6} }24 odstotkov, medtem ko je nadgradnja proizvodne linije stala zmerno. Na podlagi tehnologije heterojunction (HJT) ali TOPCon bo tretja generacija visoko{7}}fotovoltaičnih celic dosegla 23-26-odstotno učinkovitost. Trenutno so njegovi proizvodni stroški enaki kot pri celicah PERC, in sicer 20-30 centov/Wp. Visoko učinkovite baterije omogočajo konkurenčne ali celo nižje stroške proizvodnje električne energije tudi z višjimi cenami komponent. V prihodnosti lahko pride do dodatnih tehnoloških izboljšav, kot so tandemske celice perovskit-silicij z učinkovitostjo, ki presega 30 odstotkov. Ta tehnološki napredek še vedno vodi v Evropi in utira pot globalni uvedbi fotonapetostnih elektrarn v teravatnem obsegu.
3) Vzpostavljen je-okvir dolgoročne razvojne politike za obnovljivo energijo v Evropi. Evropski zeleni dogovor in val inovacij sta zgradila zaupanje za vlagatelje in razvijalce.
4) The emergence of sustainable, carbon-neutral eco-design concepts and specific standards under consideration, including recently announced measures to address distortions in foreign subsidies in the EU market, are the driving force behind the EU's transition to a green and innovative energy system and economy. Growing customer concerns about carbon footprints will have a structural impact on PV manufacturing. Compared to current Asian products, using PV modules produced in Europe reduces carbon consumption, avoids long-distance transportation, and better eco-design parameters. The importance of this aspect will increase over the next few years.
5) Nove metode uvajanja, ki vključujejo fotovoltaične koncepte v integrirane sisteme, omogočajo evropski fotovoltaični proizvodnji, da uresniči potencialno konkurenčno prednost. Različne inovativne rešitve se razvijajo in hitro rastejo na različnih področjih, vključno z gradnjo plus fotovoltaika (BIPV), vozila plus fotovoltaika (VIPV), plavajoče telo plus fotovoltaika (FPV) in kmetijstvo plus fotovoltaika (APV). Evropski fotonapetostni proizvajalci lahko izkoristijo posebne evropske in lokalne potrebe, saj integrirani sistemi zahtevajo bolj individualizirane rešitve.
3. Delež globalne proizvodne zmogljivosti evropske fotovoltaične industrije v vsakem členu industrijske verige v letu 2020 je naslednji:
1. 11 odstotkov svetovne proizvodnje PV silicija: zmogljivost 22,1 GW (Elkem in Wacker)
2. 1 odstotek svetovne proizvodnje fotonapetostnih silicijevih sončnih rezin: zmogljivost 1,25 GW (Norsun, Norwegian Crystals in EDF Photowatt)
3. 0,4 odstotka svetovne proizvodnje fotovoltaičnih silicijevih celic: 0,65GW zmogljivost (Solitek/Valoe, Enel, Ecosolifer)
4. 3 odstotke svetovne proizvodnje modulov: zmogljivost 6,75 GW (29 različnih podjetij)
5. 25 odstotkov izhoda pretvornika.
In the above scenario, Europe's installed PV capacity in 2020 accounts for 15 percent of the global total. Therefore, if Europe wants to become self-reliant, it needs to step up the production of wafers, cells and modules.
Currently, Europe has a very negative trade deficit in photovoltaic cells and modules. The table below shows the total value of import and export trade of photosensitive semiconductor devices (including photovoltaic cells assembled into modules or panels) and light-emitting diodes in Europe.
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